Western countries had suffered great economic crisis during the period of 1929-1933, and the depression spreaded to china since 1932. With decrease in purchasing power of farmers and increase in trade deficit, the chronic crisis in agriculture stroke China, followed with that was the crisis in industry and commerce.
All the four above mentioned aspects were only the potential crises but the real reasons that caused its failure in the end were the warlords' chaotic wars and Shanghai and Tientsin branches' bad businesses.
In order to clear away these crises, maintain the feudal antocratic rule of Qing Dynasty and protect the traditional culture of the Chinese feudalism, as one important member of the ruling class and a Confucianist, Zhang Zhi-dong made great effort select, educate, recommend and use a lot of talented persons energetically.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, China's traditional agriculture was facing great crises because of western imperialist invasion and oppression of Qing's feudalists, therefore, in such a jeopardy, lots of patriots began to suggest improving China's backward smallholder economy by learning from the west, and dedicate themselves to practice.
In the last part, it is concluded that the Permian-Triassic transitional interval constitutes a prolonged crisis period ranging from end-Guadalupian extinction to the end of Early Triassic, totaling 14 Ma.
In these studies it was shown that the perturbations responsible for equilibrium crisis may build up either monotonically or in an oscillatory fashion.
An attempt is made to reconstruct the instantaneous flow structures near the surface of a cylinder from measurements of the various characteristics in the precritical self-similar regime, at the moment of crisis and beyond.
By means of a numerical experiment it is confirmed that the crisis in the stability of a plane layer of weakly conducting liquid with unipolar injection conductivity depends significantly on the electrochemical processes in the electrode layer.
Instability of the system in the presence of strictly vertical vibration is observed, the crisis being associated with longwave monotonic perturbations.
An experimental investigation is performed of the crisis of heat transfer under conditions of boiling on an inclined extended (1 to 2 m) surface facing downward and immersed in a large pool of water.
An increase in the vacuum discharge current is accompanied by the crisis of cathode ion flow which leads, at a certain (critical) value of current, to the impossibility for the ions to reach the anode.
An experimental investigation is performed of the crisis of heat transfer under conditions of boiling on an inclined extended (1 to 2 m) surface facing downward and immersed in a large pool of water.
An increase in the vacuum discharge current is accompanied by the crisis of cathode ion flow which leads, at a certain (critical) value of current, to the impossibility for the ions to reach the anode.
The present crisis of evolutionism was predictable from the very beginning, since the preformationist model of development underlying the idea of discrete heredity contradicts the systemic properties of ontogenesis.