The external cost of residents' urban agglomeration is composed of internalizable and non - internalizable costs, the latter one will only enter the residents'decision - making function at a higher stage of economic development, resulting that the external cost of urban agglomeration becomes larger than external benefit and thus the excessive city size happens.
From this point, the article made a discussion on the necessities and feasibilities of the optimization of the current environmental economic policy through minimizing the external benefit.
To resolve this problem, the key is to put the environment factors into the process of economy decision. In other words, the focus is how to changing external cost into internal cost and external benefit into internal benefit.
Further analysis of gaming result proves that this game model has three characteristics of first mover advantage, external revenue pertinence as well as cooperation advantage.
Internal and External Increasing Returns, Dynamic Portfolio and Cluster Development: Empirical Study of the Automobile and Component Industry Cluster in Taizhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
minimization of transaction cost is the basic motivation for institutional transformation, and the basic ways are forced transformation and induced transformation;
From a potential revenue of water rights transactions perspective, water rights transactions trend to existing among industries and between the cities and countries, instead of resting among farmers.
The methods contain six factors: local government power of dealership, the cost and income of capital, capital from the market, private section as principal part of production, building or operating qualification authorized by local government, and the exclusiveness of urban infrastructure.
For a given capacity, the return-flow externality causes project owners to construct the project too late when the price of groundwater is too high because the external benefit of return-flow to the aquifer is not captured.
But we do not - whether external benefit is measured in terms of number of individuals benefiting from a cooperative choice or the total dollar benefit produced.
Four experimental conditions were run: no-reward control (n =10), self-administered reward (n =10), external reward (n =9), and external control (n =10).
In 2005/2006 Sensis experienced its fourth straight year of strong growth, reaching $1.827 billion in external revenue.
例句来源
In accordance with the fact that the external of return method of in vestment has not universally been used yet to evaluate the engineering projects in our economic researches, the paper expounds the calculating method and its practicability in engineering investment projects, analyses and compares advantages and disadvantages between the external rate of return and the internal rate of return, and puts forward a proposal that the external rate of return of investment serve as one of the main evaluation met...
The various indexes of pay-back period and additional pay-back period are extensively employed for the economic evaluation of present constructional projects. In calculation,however, capital values of time for project construction and for trial production are often neglected, thus affecting the evaluating efficiency accuracy . In view of this, this essay is intended to put forward calculation methods for the complete pay-back period and the whole additional pay-back period.
This paper discusses emphatically the choice and the comparison on the external rate of return in investing plan. It proves the practicality of the external rate of return as well.
外部收益
external benefit
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