5 adult patients (ASAⅠ~Ⅱ)were randomly divided into ketorolac group (group Ⅰ),epidural bupivacaine morphine mixture group(group Ⅱ),and a combination of group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (group Ⅲ)for postoperative pain.
The purpose of the paper was to assess and to compare the effectiveness and safety of patient controlled epidural analgesia using tramadol or morphine for postoperative analgesia after major urological surgeries.
Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of epidural dexamethasone as an analgesic agent for postoperative analgesia after lumbar laminectomy.
To establish an effective method of continuous quality control of acute pain service, a retrospective study on incident reporting during postoperative analgesia period was conducted.
Systemic opioids and thoracic epidural analgesia are common techniques used to provide post-operative analgesia following thoracoscopy (video-assisted thoracic surgery).
The plasma levels of morphine were lower than that regarded sufficient for post-operative analgesia in all but two patients, indicating a possibility of peripheral analgesia.
Visual analogue scale (VAS) showed no difference in postoperative pain comparing closure to nonclosure of the peritoneum but patients of the control group required significantly more postoperative opioids.