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As in general in all time service works, the problem is to obtain and keep an accurate time, to determine the corrections of standard clock and to transmit time signals. This present report is concerned only with the last two items. At Zi-Ka-Wei Observatory, radio method was introduced into time service in 1914. Some rigorous changes occured in 1926, a number of instruments were installed. Many of them are still in use. In 1940, the observatory began to transmit rhythmic signals twice a day. From... As in general in all time service works, the problem is to obtain and keep an accurate time, to determine the corrections of standard clock and to transmit time signals. This present report is concerned only with the last two items. At Zi-Ka-Wei Observatory, radio method was introduced into time service in 1914. Some rigorous changes occured in 1926, a number of instruments were installed. Many of them are still in use. In 1940, the observatory began to transmit rhythmic signals twice a day. From then on until December 1950, no further developments were made. The main instruments we had in 1950 were: a 80mm Prin transit with impersonal micrometer, two Leroy pendulums as standard clocks, three astronomical clocks and their slaves, equipments for receiving and recording time signals, etc. Since 1952, we began to make some improvements, especially on rhythmic signals. First, we converted a common clock into a "transmitting clock" to obtain 61 impulses in every minute and second by making use of photoelectric arrangement (Fig. 1), we succeeded to raise the accuracy of our signals. To improve signal accuracy further, we have to deal with various sources of errors which are conditioned by our equipments. The most important among these are: 1. error in prediction of corrections of the standard clocks, 2. error in the adjustment of the transmitting clock and 3. time lag in transmission. In consequence of last three-year's research, these errors are reasonably reduced. The first two are now±0~s.007 and ±0~s.005 respectively and the last is small. Accordingly, the deviation of time signals XSG has been supposed to be±0~s.01. However, this is not enough for the requirement. The more efforts are being made to bring further improvements. But as the requirements for signal accuracy is far above what the present installation can offer, some new equipments are ordered and they will joint in force with the old ones in the nearest future. Since February 1954, Zi-Ka-Wei Observatory has cooperated with the time service departments in Soviet Union. This has been helpful to our works in every way. 授時包括测時、守時和播時三个主要方面。在時號的发播中包含了预報主钟改正量的差误,工作钟的調節誤差和電路遲滯变化等三种誤差。如果使用石英钟及有關设备,这就可基本解决。各台站在其天文观测基础上订定的時號改正數也包含有偶然差和系统差,比較全面解決的只有蘇聯和国際時間局这两个标准系统。徐家匯觀象台授時工作歷史很久,作了一些工作,但抗戰以來,郎停滯不前,直到人民政府接办,才逐步在原有基礎上開展了改進。幾年来主要是改裝了一具工作钟,裝置光電设备以发播科学式時號,對時号精确度解决了秒距誤差和五分间誤差。工作钟的调节誤差被其本身品質所限,仍未解决,只是在加強值班工作之后,有了一定限度的提高,目前約為±0~s.005,在预报主钟改正量時,也有很大程度的不稳定,約為±0~s.007。所以時号的精确度在±0~s.01左右。要进一步提高质量,满足要求,有待於新設備的增添使用。在時号改正數方面,所存在的相當大的系统差,可採用蘇聯或国際時間局系統的改正數來避免。 Results of planting large amount of slightly but evidently diseased tubers undernatural field conditions obtained by inoculation during the harvesting time of theprevious year indicate that successive underground secondary infections from plantto plant of the same hill constitute the main feature of the process of formation ofprimary foci of subsequent aerial spread of the late blight in a potato plantation Inspection at the time of emergence revealed that all the sprouts found at theperiphery of and directly... Results of planting large amount of slightly but evidently diseased tubers undernatural field conditions obtained by inoculation during the harvesting time of theprevious year indicate that successive underground secondary infections from plantto plant of the same hill constitute the main feature of the process of formation ofprimary foci of subsequent aerial spread of the late blight in a potato plantation Inspection at the time of emergence revealed that all the sprouts found at theperiphery of and directly connected with the tuber lesions were blackened and diedunderground.Among the sprouts which were about to emerge,those standing closeto the dead sprouts were also discolored at their basal portion,while those furtherapart still entirely healthy.Dark brown extended lesions can sometimes be seen onthe stems of the weak potato seedlings,but sporangial covering was present onlyon their lower underground portions.The stem lesions did not always reach theextremity of the stem base.Even if they did,they might not be directly connectedwith the tuber lesions. Among a total of 789 hills planted with disesed tubers in Peking and Salintzein 1956,only 9 plants with stem lesions were found,of which 5 wilted and diedrapidly,1 with its lesion healed up.The remainder stayed long enough for thefungus to sporulate on their above-ground portion of the lesions and cause thefoliage infection of the same plant and adjacent plants at the onset of a favorable weather. It is believed that the significance of the weak diseased seedlings with basalstem lesions appeared early in the season consists chiefly in the capacity of givingrise to sporangia which may again infect the underground portion of the stem of ahither to healthy plant.On the stem of a larger plant,the fungous mycelium canonly exist in the cortical tissue spreading upward and downward from the infectioncourt to cause a dark brown stripe of irregular width.Stripe lesions of this typeapparently do nto impair the normal development of the plant,but their above-ground portions serve as a persistent potential source of aerial infection. Observations outlined above together with the results of an experiment ofseedling top inoculations under field conditions lead us to postutate that delayedaerial infection is due on the one hand to the fragility of the diseased seedlingsunder natural field conditions and on the other to the lack of a suitable combinationof moisture and temperature required for sporulation and infection as the springweather is characterized by very low night temperature. It is anticipated that local forcasting service may find it helpful to plant diseasedtubers in a proper field plot for the observation on the development.of the foci ofpotato late blight. 在河北省沙岭子农业試驗站和北京农業大学試驗农場1955和1956两年所进行的病薯栽培試驗,表示土中的重复侵染是中心病株形成过程的基本特征。当挖掘出土初期的病薯时,發現直接与种薯病斑相連的幼芽都在出土之前变黑死去,剛剛露土的幼芽中,靠近已死幼芽的莖基也开始部分变色,距离較远的则仍然健全。在已出土的衰弱幼苗上常常可以看到露在地面的莖基部分也显出暗褐色的病斑,但是沒有孢子囊,而該病斑的地下部分则披有一層孢子囊趺缜o斑并不全是达到莖基的終点,而达到莖基終点的,也不与种薯病斑相連接。1956年在两地播种的789穴病薯中發現了9株这种病苗,其中5株迅速萎蔫而枯死,1株發生莖斑痊愈現象。只有少数出現較晚而維持較长久的弱苗遇到适合气候时能够在地面上形成孢子囊傳染到本株或同穴中其他植株的叶片缙诓∶绲闹饕饔孟匀辉谟谛纬傻叵骆咦幽乙砸鹜ㄖ姓诔沙さ慕≈昵o基的感染。在成株莖部上病菌只能在皮层扩展引致条紋状的暗褐色病斑。这种病斑不严重影响植株的生长發育,但是在露出地面后随时可以形成孢子囊成为空中傳染的經常潜在来源。出土病苗的观察以及幼苗地上部接种試驗結果說明病害延迟流行的原因,一方面是受病的幼苗容易枯死,另一方面是在早期气... 在河北省沙岭子农业試驗站和北京农業大学試驗农場1955和1956两年所进行的病薯栽培試驗,表示土中的重复侵染是中心病株形成过程的基本特征。当挖掘出土初期的病薯时,發現直接与种薯病斑相連的幼芽都在出土之前变黑死去,剛剛露土的幼芽中,靠近已死幼芽的莖基也开始部分变色,距离較远的则仍然健全。在已出土的衰弱幼苗上常常可以看到露在地面的莖基部分也显出暗褐色的病斑,但是沒有孢子囊,而該病斑的地下部分则披有一層孢子囊趺缜o斑并不全是达到莖基的終点,而达到莖基終点的,也不与种薯病斑相連接。1956年在两地播种的789穴病薯中發現了9株这种病苗,其中5株迅速萎蔫而枯死,1株發生莖斑痊愈現象。只有少数出現較晚而維持較长久的弱苗遇到适合气候时能够在地面上形成孢子囊傳染到本株或同穴中其他植株的叶片缙诓∶绲闹饕饔孟匀辉谟谛纬傻叵骆咦幽乙砸鹜ㄖ姓诔沙さ慕≈昵o基的感染。在成株莖部上病菌只能在皮层扩展引致条紋状的暗褐色病斑。这种病斑不严重影响植株的生长發育,但是在露出地面后随时可以形成孢子囊成为空中傳染的經常潜在来源。出土病苗的观察以及幼苗地上部接种試驗結果說明病害延迟流行的原因,一方面是受病的幼苗容易枯死,另一方面是在早期气候下不能得到形成孢子和再侵染所需要的温湿度的配合。建議在各地預测站选擇适当地点播种病薯,以便观察病害中心的發展情况,作为預測預报的根据。 Among a total of 20,067 pregnant women ad- mitted to the Lying-In Hospital of the Shanghai First Medical School in the three-year period from January 1953 to December 1955,there were 342 cases of heart disease,giving an incidence of 1.7%.The etiological types of heart disease were,in their order of frequency,as follows:rheumatic heart disease 65.2%,heart failure due to toxemia of pregnancy 14.3%,congenital anomalies of heart 9.3%,anemia heart disease 5.3%,hypertensive heart disease 2.7%,and others 3.2%. Only... Among a total of 20,067 pregnant women ad- mitted to the Lying-In Hospital of the Shanghai First Medical School in the three-year period from January 1953 to December 1955,there were 342 cases of heart disease,giving an incidence of 1.7%.The etiological types of heart disease were,in their order of frequency,as follows:rheumatic heart disease 65.2%,heart failure due to toxemia of pregnancy 14.3%,congenital anomalies of heart 9.3%,anemia heart disease 5.3%,hypertensive heart disease 2.7%,and others 3.2%. Only 5 patients were submitted to therapeutic abortion.In no case was artificial termination of pregnancy attempted after the third month of gestation. The maternal death rate in this series was 2.9%.Among the 241 pregnant cardiacs who re- ceived antenatal care,there was only one death, the death rate being 0.4%,whereas the number of deaths among 101 patients not receiving antenatal care was 9,giving a death rate of 9%.The im- portance of early and adequate management as a prognostic factor in heart disease associated with pregnancy is thus quite obvious. Heart failure due to toxemia of pregnancy carried with it a grave prognosis concerning both the mother and the fetus.Among the 10 maternal deaths in this series,6 were due to heart failure caused by toxemia of pregnancy. Although the maternal death rate from heart disease in the present study has shown a signifi- cant drop in comparison with earlier years,heart disease constituted the main cause of death in the obstetric service during the period under study. It is believed,however,that in the future,if more pregnant women can receive adequate antenatal care,a further decline in the death rate from heart disease in pregnancy may be expected. 一、本报告分析了我院由1953至1955年三年内妊娠期心臓病342例,并对其处理及预后加以讨论。二、本组病例中心臓病的病因分类如下:风湿性65.2%,妊娠中毒症性14.3%,先天性9.3%,贫血性5.3%,高血压性2.7%,其他3.2%。三、342例中施行人工流产者仅5例,占1.4%。怀孕超过三个月者并无一例试行人工终止妊娠。四、本组病例的死亡率为2.9%,经本院产前检查的241例中仅一例死亡,死亡率为0.4%。未经产前检查101例中,有9例死亡,死亡率为9%。可见及时与适当的处理对预后有决定性的意义。五、妊娠中毒症心臓病对母亲与胎儿的预后均十分恶劣,本组内10例死亡中有6例系由本病所引起。六、三年来心臓病产妇死亡率较前有了显著的降低,但仍占产科死亡原因中主要地位。相信今后如果能改进与加强产前检查和处理,心臓病产妇的死亡率尚有进一步降低的可能。本文的完成,承蒙妇产科教研组王淑贞、司徒亮等教授及其他同志的指正与帮助,特此致谢。
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