|
The phrenic and accessory phrenic nerves of 180 cadavers of Chinese children were studied.It was found that the highest rate of the accessory phrenic nerve may be up to 73.8%.There is no significant difference between the two sides or the two sexes.The branches of the accessory phrenic nerve vary from 1—4,among which the single branch type is the most common one (76.1%).They have their origin from C_3 to C_(4—6).A few of them may arise from the ansa hypoglossi and supra- scapular nerve.Accessory nerve,therefore,is... The phrenic and accessory phrenic nerves of 180 cadavers of Chinese children were studied.It was found that the highest rate of the accessory phrenic nerve may be up to 73.8%.There is no significant difference between the two sides or the two sexes.The branches of the accessory phrenic nerve vary from 1—4,among which the single branch type is the most common one (76.1%).They have their origin from C_3 to C_(4—6).A few of them may arise from the ansa hypoglossi and supra- scapular nerve.Accessory nerve,therefore,is more related to the brachial plexus rather than the cervical plexus.It was found that there is a close relationship between the origin of the accessory phrenic nerve and its positional and connectional relation with its main trunk.The nerve originated from the brachial plexus and its branches is located at the lateral side of the main trunk and usually forms a lower connection with it.That comes from the cervical plexus and its branches is usually located at the medial side of the main trunk and forms a higher connection (above the subclavian vein,35.9%) with it.The accessory nerve comes from the lower part of the cervical plexus and upper part of the brachial plexux is at first located at the lateral side and,finally,after crossed over anteriorly or posteriorly,joins the medial side of the main trunk (posterior to the subclavian vein, 7.8%).Based upon the number of branches,the phrenic and accessory nerves can be grouped into 5 types.The tirst type that is with the phrenic nerve proper alone,(43.1%) and the second type that is 1 phrenic nerve and 1 accessory phrenic nerve (43.3%) are the standard types in the Chinese. (一)本文共研究了180具(360侧)童尸的膈神经与副膈神经。其中男尸100具,女尸80具。尸龄都在2—8岁左右。(二)膈神经主要起源于第4,5颈神经或第4颈神经。性差与侧差不显著。在与锁骨下静脉关系中,超大多数(95.8%)经过静脉之后,与一般解剖学教本所记述者相符合。(三)副膈神经的出现率在180具尸体中高达73.8%,比国内资料为高(如按侧数计则为56.9%)。亦无显著性差与侧差,因而非常值得外科学家们的注意。(四)各侧副膈神经的支数并不一致。少者仅有一条,多者可达四条。但以一条为最多,占76.1%;三条以上者少,仅占3.4%。副膈神经在三条以上者,在现有文献中甚为罕见。(五)副膈神经的起源从第3到第5、6颈神经都有,且有少数发自舌下神经襻及肩胛上神经。其中与锁骨下神经以一共同干发自第5、6或第5颈神经者为数最多,占42.0%,与国内外资料多相符合;但在起始范围上又比其他资料为广泛。同时说明副膈神经与臂丛的关系要比与颈丛的关系更为密切。(六)副膈神经与膈种经主干的位置关系可分三类:多数位于主干外侧(83.6%),少数位于主干内侧(8.8%)及先在主干外侧,交叉后到主干内侧(7.6%)。副膈神经与膈神经迟... (一)本文共研究了180具(360侧)童尸的膈神经与副膈神经。其中男尸100具,女尸80具。尸龄都在2—8岁左右。(二)膈神经主要起源于第4,5颈神经或第4颈神经。性差与侧差不显著。在与锁骨下静脉关系中,超大多数(95.8%)经过静脉之后,与一般解剖学教本所记述者相符合。(三)副膈神经的出现率在180具尸体中高达73.8%,比国内资料为高(如按侧数计则为56.9%)。亦无显著性差与侧差,因而非常值得外科学家们的注意。(四)各侧副膈神经的支数并不一致。少者仅有一条,多者可达四条。但以一条为最多,占76.1%;三条以上者少,仅占3.4%。副膈神经在三条以上者,在现有文献中甚为罕见。(五)副膈神经的起源从第3到第5、6颈神经都有,且有少数发自舌下神经襻及肩胛上神经。其中与锁骨下神经以一共同干发自第5、6或第5颈神经者为数最多,占42.0%,与国内外资料多相符合;但在起始范围上又比其他资料为广泛。同时说明副膈神经与臂丛的关系要比与颈丛的关系更为密切。(六)副膈神经与膈种经主干的位置关系可分三类:多数位于主干外侧(83.6%),少数位于主干内侧(8.8%)及先在主干外侧,交叉后到主干内侧(7.6%)。副膈神经与膈神经迟早必将合并为一,但连结点之高低不一;多数属于低位连结(锁骨下静脉之下),占56.3%;其次属于高位连结(锁骨下静脉之上),占35.9%;中位连结者(锁骨下静脉之后)最少,占7.8%。(七)统计材料证明,副膈神经的起源与主干之间的连结关系及其位置联属有一定的规律性。其中起源于臂丛及其属支者,都位于主干外侧,并多成低位连结。起源于颈丛及其属支者,大都位于主干内侧,并多成高位连结。起源于颈丛下部及臂丛上部者,则似倾向于中位连结,且先在主干外侧,交叉后再到主干内侧。(八)副膈神经之与锁骨下静脉有关系者,绝大多数经过静脉之前。副膈神经与静脉的关系,也有多种不同形式。(九)根据膈神经与副膈神经的支数多少,可归纳成五个类型:第一型一支,即膈神经本身。第二型二支,即膈神经与副膈神经各一支。第三型三支,即膈神经一支,副膈神经二支。第四型四支,即膈神经一支,副膈神经三支。第五型五支,即膈神经一支,副膈神经四支。五型中以第一型(占43.1%)与第二型(占43.3%)最多,均可列为国人之标准型。各型的一般情况及若干变异特例,均用图表加以说明。 Observations on the flight duration and wingbeat frequency were made in thelaboratory at various constant temperatures and 65--75% relative humidity. The mothsused consisted of individuals emerged from pupae collected from the field and rearedin insectary. The results obtained indicated that some individuals of the moths can fly continouslyat 17℃ for 36 hours. Fig. 4 But the duration of flight varied with the insect age. In themoths one day after emergence it was shorter as campared with those of older ones.The... Observations on the flight duration and wingbeat frequency were made in thelaboratory at various constant temperatures and 65--75% relative humidity. The mothsused consisted of individuals emerged from pupae collected from the field and rearedin insectary. The results obtained indicated that some individuals of the moths can fly continouslyat 17℃ for 36 hours. Fig. 4 But the duration of flight varied with the insect age. In themoths one day after emergence it was shorter as campared with those of older ones.The longest duration has been shown by those moths aged 3--4 days. Most of thefemale moths 5 days after emergence had fully developed ovaries, and their flight dura-tion dropped down rapidly. This fact suggests that the period before sexual maturationwould be the optimal time for the insects to carry out long distance migration. Nutrition and environmental temperature would influence the flight ability of themoths; the flight duration of the moths under starvation condition decreased apparently;and at lower temperatures it will be prolonged (table 2, 3). The wingbeat frequency varies with the age of moths, as shown in Figure 1. It isworth while to note that the difference in frequency of the two sexes increases with age,and fluctuates slightly with temperature within the range of 25--30℃, beyond which theinfluence of temperature on wingbeat frequency becomes apparent. Light or sound stimulation may affect the flying behaviour of the armyworm moths.Flash light or sound may initiate the flight of the resting moths (Fig. 5A, 6A) or causethe wingbeat frequency of flying moths to increase temporarily (Fig. 5B, 6B), with afactor of 6% for light stimulus and 8% for sound stimulus. They also cause the ampli-tude of wingbeat to increase temperarily (Fig. 7). The latent period of these responsesdre 0.08 and 0.09 second for light and sound stimulation respectively. 本文报导用记纹方法测定粘虫蛾飞翔持续时间和振翅频率所获得的结果。 粘虫蛾在羽化展翅后就能飞翔,随后,飞翔能力依蛾龄增长逐渐增加,至羽化后第3、4天达最强,此时室内饲养的成虫,在24小时内平均累积的飞翔时间达10.8小时,野外挖回的蛹羽化的成虫达20.6小时。羽化后5天,由于体内卵发育成熟,飞翔能力又逐渐降低。相同蛾龄的粘虫,飞翔持续时间可能受环境温度和营养条件的影响,环境温度较低时飞翔持续时间较长,饥饿显著地降低飞翔时间。长时间的记录表明,有些粘虫蛾在48小时内能累积飞翔30-40小时,若干个体能连续地飞翔36小时,这是迄今在实验条件下昆虫所能达到的最长飞翔时间。 粘虫蛾的振翅频率,雄虫较雌虫高。两性振翅频率都依蛾龄而变化,从羽化开始至第3天,随蛾龄而增加,3-12天中,雄蛾变化较小,雌蛾在第7天后则显著地降低。振翅频率依温度升降而变化,其关系曲线呈抛物线型。 突然的闪光刺激或声音刺激,可临时增加振翅频率和振幅,亦可使未飞翔的粘虫蛾开始飞翔。 Methods of identifying the sex of eels at the seaward migrating period were studied.Expernal characteristics,by comparing the diameter of eyes,interorbital space,the shape of snout,etc,are sufficiently reliable for the identification of both sexes.These morphological dimensions when calculated with the aid of distinguish function,confirm the differences between the two sexes.Consideration of morphological dif-ferences of the 400—600mm size group,permits separation of the sexes with 90 percent accuracy.Plotting... Methods of identifying the sex of eels at the seaward migrating period were studied.Expernal characteristics,by comparing the diameter of eyes,interorbital space,the shape of snout,etc,are sufficiently reliable for the identification of both sexes.These morphological dimensions when calculated with the aid of distinguish function,confirm the differences between the two sexes.Consideration of morphological dif-ferences of the 400—600mm size group,permits separation of the sexes with 90 percent accuracy.Plotting of size distribution separates naturally one sex from the other.Those above 600 mm are nearly all females,and those below 400 mm are almost allmales.The relationship between length and weight of both sexes may be expressed asⅣ=0.0000001285L~(3.015).The regression coefficient of these two variates of eel between400—600 mm in body length is different for male and female.The former is 0.887(W=0.887 L—280.20),and the latter,1.150 (W=1.150 L—376.73).In the caseof the condition factor,the male s found to be 1.15±0.052,the female 1.42±0.053.Differences of both figures are significant. 通过比较鳗鲡的眼径、眼间距、吻形等外部特征能比较可靠地鉴别雌雄两性。这些形态上的测量数据经“判别函数”的计算,确定了两性之间的差别。运用形态上的差异鉴别400—600毫米体长组的雌雄鳗,准确率可达到90%。座标图表明体长的分布自然地区分为雌雄鳗,体长在600毫米以上者全为雌鳗,体长400毫米以下者全为雄鳗。雌雄两性体长和体重关系为W=0.0000001285L~(3.015)。体长400—600毫米的鳗鲡的体长和体重的直线回归系数(b)依性别而有所不同。雄鳗为0.887(W=0.887L-280.20);雌鳗为1.150(W=1.150L-376.73)。雄性肥满度为1.15±0.052,雌性为1.42±0.053,以上两对数值在两性间都存在显著差异。
|