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The typical frequency response function chart of the whole machine and its sanding parts, as well as its second-order mode charts of contacting roller, were obtained.
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So if compounds and reactions are located on the metabolic chart according to their chemical features, the chart structure will acquire a periodic pattern.
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So if compounds and reactions are located on the metabolic chart according to their chemical features, the chart structure will acquire a periodic pattern.
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Modes of liquid-gas flow are described, and correlations are derived for the calculation of the limits and chart of flow modes.
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A process chart of flame combustion of gases is suggested, and the region of existence of the normal (or standard) burning velocity Un is given.
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| Integrating with respect to time the equation for the balance of angular momentum of the atmosphere north of certain latitude (30°N say)we obtainIn the above equation ρ is thedensity; (?), the zonal wind; v, the meridional wind; R, the earth's radius; Ω, the angular speed-of the earth's rotation; dm, the mass element of the atmosphere; dτ, the volume element; ds, the area element on the earth's surface, and dσ, the urea element on the vertical surface over the latitudial circle of 30°N. The first two terms (in... Integrating with respect to time the equation for the balance of angular momentum of the atmosphere north of certain latitude (30°N say)we obtainIn the above equation ρ is thedensity; (?), the zonal wind; v, the meridional wind; R, the earth's radius; Ω, the angular speed-of the earth's rotation; dm, the mass element of the atmosphere; dτ, the volume element; ds, the area element on the earth's surface, and dσ, the urea element on the vertical surface over the latitudial circle of 30°N. The first two terms (in the parenthesis) On the left side of (2) are evaluated from the mean westerlies in summer and winter given by Mintz. The last two terms on the left and the first two terms on the right side of (2) are evaluated from the mean surface pressure charts of July and January. The transfer of angular momentum across latitude 30°N given by Starr and White is used to evaluate the 3rd. term on the right. Then the value of the last two terms in the parenthesis on the right of (2) is calculated. The result agrees very well with that obtained by other authers.It is further found that: 1. From summer to winter the transfer of angular momentum from low to high latitudes by gross weather systems overcompensates the destruction by the earth's surface. The small residue of these two factors acounts for the main part (about85%)of increase of westerly circulation from summer to winter. The remaining small part of the increase of the westerly circulation may be acounted for by the advection of mass of the atmosphere, which carries the angular momentum due to earth's rotation (difference between the first two terms on the right and the last two terms on the left side of (2)).2. The transfer of angular momentum or the destruction of angular momentum, as well as the intensity of the westerly circulation has annual variation. However this annual variation is not of sine or cosine type, i,θ, the variation from summer to winter is not the opposite of that from winter to. summer. The property of this asymmetry is explained by the irreversible heat addition and subtraction. From winter, to summer heat is added to, and summer to winter heat is subtracted from the atmosphere (N.H.). Since the process of adding and subtracting heat is irreversible, the variation from summer to winter can not be symmetric to that from winter to summer.3. Transfer of angular momentum from easterlies to westerlies occurs mainly in the period of breakdown of zonal circulation (low index), mainly in the belt of longitudes of"extended troughs" (troughs extending from high to low latitudes) and "extended ridges" (ridges extending from low to highlatitudes), and mainly in the high levels of the atmosphere. | 把30°N以北大气角動量平衡方程由七月積分到一月,則其中各項都可計算:此緯度以北大气相对西風角動量的改变可用Mintz平均西風冬夏分佈圖算出;地轉角動量的改变可用冬夏地面平均气压圖算出;通过30°N緯度的角動量的渦動輸送已为Starr和White算出,因此利用積分結果可求得30°N以北地面应力和山脈东西兩側气压差所引起的角動量消耗,結果与别的作者用别的方法所得數值極为符合。 作者更指出: 1.从夏到冬大型天气系統的角动量輸送勝过地面摩擦的消耗,从夏到冬西風环流增强的主要部分(約85％)即由於二者之差,西風环流增强的其餘一小部分則由於大气的質量平流,而引起地轉角動量的傳送。 2.角動量的输送,角動量的消耗以及西風环流强度都有年变化。但这种年变化並非正餘弦型,即从夏到冬的变化並不正是从冬到夏变化的反面,此种非对称性可由加熱过程和减熱过程的不可逆性解釋。在北半球从冬到夏对大气來说是加熱的,而从夏到冬大气失去熱量,因为加熟过程和減熱过程都不是可逆的,故从夏到冬的变化也不与从冬到夏的变化对称。 3.东風帶向西風帶的角動量輸送,主要發生於西風环流破坏的時候;主要發生於“引伸槽”和“引伸脊”的經度帶;同時也主要發生於大气的... 把30°N以北大气角動量平衡方程由七月積分到一月,則其中各項都可計算:此緯度以北大气相对西風角動量的改变可用Mintz平均西風冬夏分佈圖算出;地轉角動量的改变可用冬夏地面平均气压圖算出;通过30°N緯度的角動量的渦動輸送已为Starr和White算出,因此利用積分結果可求得30°N以北地面应力和山脈东西兩側气压差所引起的角動量消耗,結果与别的作者用别的方法所得數值極为符合。 作者更指出: 1.从夏到冬大型天气系統的角动量輸送勝过地面摩擦的消耗,从夏到冬西風环流增强的主要部分(約85％)即由於二者之差,西風环流增强的其餘一小部分則由於大气的質量平流,而引起地轉角動量的傳送。 2.角動量的输送,角動量的消耗以及西風环流强度都有年变化。但这种年变化並非正餘弦型,即从夏到冬的变化並不正是从冬到夏变化的反面,此种非对称性可由加熱过程和减熱过程的不可逆性解釋。在北半球从冬到夏对大气來说是加熱的,而从夏到冬大气失去熱量,因为加熟过程和減熱过程都不是可逆的,故从夏到冬的变化也不与从冬到夏的变化对称。 3.东風帶向西風帶的角動量輸送,主要發生於西風环流破坏的時候;主要發生於“引伸槽”和“引伸脊”的經度帶;同時也主要發生於大气的高層。 | Computation of vertical stress in soil beneath loaded area is greatly simplified by influence chart, which was proposed by N. M. Newmark in 1942.The main purpose of this paper is to present a method to modify the Newmark's chart. Instead of the concentric circles in the original chart, concentric squares are used. The latter is more convenient to estimate number of blocks. Further, a so-called "influence value curve" is introduced to avoid different tracings for different depths at which stress... Computation of vertical stress in soil beneath loaded area is greatly simplified by influence chart, which was proposed by N. M. Newmark in 1942.The main purpose of this paper is to present a method to modify the Newmark's chart. Instead of the concentric circles in the original chart, concentric squares are used. The latter is more convenient to estimate number of blocks. Further, a so-called "influence value curve" is introduced to avoid different tracings for different depths at which stress is computed.The influence chart with concentric squares for computing vertical deformation in subgrade soil is also discussed. | 推算地基土壤由於建築物重量所引起的應力和變形,是估計建築物沉陷的必經步驟。利用感應圖的計塊法來推求應力和變形,紐馬克教授曾先後於1942年和1947年發表。這種方法,特別是以感應圖求土壤中的垂直應力,當遇到不規則形的建築物基礎時,或研究各基脚相互間的應力影響時,工程界採用的很多。本文主要內容是對感應圖圖解法提出下面四點改進的方法,以便利地基和基礎的設計工作:一.原方法的應力感應圖由若干同心圆形圈所組成,本文改用許多同心正方形,使估計不成整塊的塊數時,比較準確。二.筆者製成“感應值曲線”。當需要計算不同深度處的垂直應力,基礎平面圖祇需根據其中某一深度為比例尺繪製,其他深度處的垂直應力,可根據感應值曲線求得。這樣,避免原方法中每個深度耍繪不同的基礎平面圖以及每次計點塊數的麻煩。三.當地基土壤屬於不允許横向膨脹狀態,本文根據e-p曲線所得的壓縮公式,製成多條曲線,以便利計算。四.當地基土壤可假定屬於彈性狀態時,筆者製成正方形的變形感應圖,以便利彈性地基上具有不規則形基礎的建築物的沉陷計算。 | The purpose of this study was to find the response of the teleost's brain toward chemical stimuli.In carrying out the series of experiments, four species of teleost fishes were selected as working materials. They were Carassius auratus, Ophiocephalus argus, Monopterus javanensis and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis.The chemical agents for the experiments were selected as follows: Janus green, methylene blue, neutral red and crystal violet for staining purpose, i. e. for primary oxidation (Child' 47), in which the... The purpose of this study was to find the response of the teleost's brain toward chemical stimuli.In carrying out the series of experiments, four species of teleost fishes were selected as working materials. They were Carassius auratus, Ophiocephalus argus, Monopterus javanensis and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis.The chemical agents for the experiments were selected as follows: Janus green, methylene blue, neutral red and crystal violet for staining purpose, i. e. for primary oxidation (Child' 47), in which the specimens were examined with the results recorded before reduction process set in; and in addition potassuim permanganate was used for complete oxidation-reduction purpose. The concentrations of the former agents in Ringer's solution and the latter in distilled water were experimentally determined, and are given in Table 1-4.In all cases of the stain experiments, the metabolic rates of the nosebrain (including only the olfactory bulbs and primitive endbrain in the present case) are higher than any other division, and that of the cerebellum, the balancing brain, comes out to be the next, being higher than all the other parts of the organ (with the exception of Carassius). The midbrain (part of the eyebrain) is less responsive than the cerebellum; and the medulla oblongata, without the facial and vagal lobes (brain centers for taste buds) and with its anterior regions (the earbrain) overshadowed largely by the cerebellum or only with little parts visible from above; i. e., the skinbrain, is, on the average, least responsive of allIn Carassius, the vagal lobes showed somewhat greater sensitivity than the cerebellum, and in Hypophthalmichthys they were less so than the facial lobes, which in turn almost matched up with the cerebellum. As a whole, it may be said that the olfactory lobes and primitive endbrain are most responsive and the midbrain and medulla oblongata least so, the cerebellum somewhat between them, while the facial and vagal lobes vary in their responses to these stains, but they fall between the endbrain and the medulla. If the records of both these lobes were removed from the curves on Carassius and Hypophthalmichthys, (Chart V (A)-(D)), these four curves would have a much closer resemblance in the general tendency of responses among themselves; i. e., the centers of greatest activities are located in the nosebrain, there is a considerable dropping in the eyebrain, while the cerebellum, the balancing brain, shows a great deal of rise in responsiveness, though it does not go so high as either the olfactory lobes or the primitive endbrain, and finally the medulla oblongata, the skinbrain, shows least responsiveness to the stains.The results of the oxidation-reduction process (Chart VI (A)-(D)) show more or less a general resemblance to those o?the stain experiments, but there are some differences, which should be noted. In the case of Carassius the primitive endbrain falls in its functional features a great deal below the olfactory lobes and is now even lower than the cerebellum, and the vagal lobes are about on the same level with the midbrain, while in the case of Monoptenis the cerebellum is the most active division of the brain and the medulla oblongata is similar to the midbrain. In general, it is reasonable to assume that the physiological gradients in the brains of Carassius and Hypophthalmichlhys are similar to each other, as they are of the same family, and those of Ophiocephalus and Monopterus are likewise, though they are of different families. In spite of some deviations these brains in both stain and oxidation-reduction experimentes show a general trend of similarity in their responses.It is concluded that the sensitivities of the brain surface to these chemicals are in direct proportion to its functional activities and in reverse proportion to their histogenetic age. Besides these factors, the polarity of the organ and the size of its division also have a significant bearings on the physiological gradient, but the latter should be considered together with the organization and developmental st | (一)此研究限于鱼脑的背面(因由腹面观察,不能看到全脑各部)。所用四种硬骨鱼是鲫鱼、乌鱼、黄鳝与黑鲢。 (二)鱼脑背面,分为五部分:嗅球、原始端脑、中脑、小脑与延脑。鲫鱼延脑背面前部有迷叶长出,鲢鱼延脑背面前部有面叶与迷叶长出。为研究便利计,将迷叶与面叶划为另外部分,分别观察其代谢现象。 (三)染剂用以刺激鱼脑者,为简氏绿、次甲基蓝、中性红与晶紫。此外,又用过锰酸钾作完全氧化—还原实验。 (四)对于以上各剂,鱼脑反应程度最高处是嗅球,大约与嗅球相等者,是原始端脑,稍次是小脑,再次是中脑,最次是延脑。黑鲢面叶与迷叶低于小脑,高于中脑,而面叶高于迷叶(曲线图Ⅴ(D)与Ⅵ(D))。鲫鱼的迷叶,对染剂的反应,高于小脑,对氧化—还原剂的反应,低于小脑(图Ⅴ(A)与Ⅵ(A))。 整个结论是鱼脑表面,对于化学药剂的感性与其生理功用成正比例,与其组织之年龄成反比例。除此二因素外,脑的极性(polarity)、脑各部分之体积,都与生理量度有密切的关系。唯体积关系,须与以后数点共同考虑:(1)组织的构成;(2)组织发达的程度;(3)在演化过程中该组织对于脑部继续发达,及其功用所有关系的重要性(不能单看体积的大小)。鼻脑在脑前端,... (一)此研究限于鱼脑的背面(因由腹面观察,不能看到全脑各部)。所用四种硬骨鱼是鲫鱼、乌鱼、黄鳝与黑鲢。 (二)鱼脑背面,分为五部分:嗅球、原始端脑、中脑、小脑与延脑。鲫鱼延脑背面前部有迷叶长出,鲢鱼延脑背面前部有面叶与迷叶长出。为研究便利计,将迷叶与面叶划为另外部分,分别观察其代谢现象。 (三)染剂用以刺激鱼脑者,为简氏绿、次甲基蓝、中性红与晶紫。此外,又用过锰酸钾作完全氧化—还原实验。 (四)对于以上各剂,鱼脑反应程度最高处是嗅球,大约与嗅球相等者,是原始端脑,稍次是小脑,再次是中脑,最次是延脑。黑鲢面叶与迷叶低于小脑,高于中脑,而面叶高于迷叶(曲线图Ⅴ(D)与Ⅵ(D))。鲫鱼的迷叶,对染剂的反应,高于小脑,对氧化—还原剂的反应,低于小脑(图Ⅴ(A)与Ⅵ(A))。 整个结论是鱼脑表面,对于化学药剂的感性与其生理功用成正比例,与其组织之年龄成反比例。除此二因素外,脑的极性(polarity)、脑各部分之体积,都与生理量度有密切的关系。唯体积关系,须与以后数点共同考虑:(1)组织的构成;(2)组织发达的程度;(3)在演化过程中该组织对于脑部继续发达,及其功用所有关系的重要性(不能单看体积的大小)。鼻脑在脑前端,屡次实验,表现为最高生理量度之所在;此处之势力,支配全脑各部分。高等脊椎动物的大脑, | | | | << 更多相关文摘 |
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