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The comparison between these two approaches enables an independent verification and a reliable error estimate.
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As such, independent verification using QRT-PCR demonstrated the reliability of the method.
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Independent verification of attenuation and phase shift meters at intermediate frequency
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Independent verification of attenuation meter linearity at intermediate frequency
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Voluntary sharing of data among psychologists will minimize the need for compelled disclosure by permitting independent verification of the methodology and findings.
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| This article describes some aspects of numerical computation developed to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients by means of Extended Kalman Filter,including optimized algorithm of solving the covariance matrix differential equations,computation of the Kalman gain and its correction,computation of the process noise and an independent verification using numerical derivatives,in order to save computer time and store as fully as possible.The mentioned algorithm has been applied to the aerodynamic parameter... This article describes some aspects of numerical computation developed to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients by means of Extended Kalman Filter,including optimized algorithm of solving the covariance matrix differential equations,computation of the Kalman gain and its correction,computation of the process noise and an independent verification using numerical derivatives,in order to save computer time and store as fully as possible.The mentioned algorithm has been applied to the aerodynamic parameter identification from flight data of one reentry satellite and yielded good results. | 本文叙述了用广义卡尔曼滤波辨识空气动力系数的几个数值计算问题,主要目的是最大限度地节省计算机时和存贮,提高计算速度。分以下几部分论述;求解协方差矩阵微分方程的数值优化方法;卡尔曼增益及其校正计算;一种节省机时的过程噪声的算法;数值求导独立检验法等。以上方法已用于某卫星返回飞行数据的气动参数辨识,取得了令人满意的结果。 | A nonlinear optimization method was developed to solve the inverse problem of determining the shape of a hard target from the knowlegde of the far_field pattern of the acoustic scattering wave,it was achieved by solving independently an ill_posed linear system and a well_posed minimization problem.Such a separate numerical treatment for the ill_posedness and nonlinearity of the inverse problem makes the numerical implementation of the proposed method very easy and fast since there only involves the solution... A nonlinear optimization method was developed to solve the inverse problem of determining the shape of a hard target from the knowlegde of the far_field pattern of the acoustic scattering wave,it was achieved by solving independently an ill_posed linear system and a well_posed minimization problem.Such a separate numerical treatment for the ill_posedness and nonlinearity of the inverse problem makes the numerical implementation of the proposed method very easy and fast since there only involves the solution of a small scale minimization problem with one unknown function in the nonlinear optimization step for determining the shape of the sound_hard obstacle.Another particular feature of the method is that it can reproduce the shape of an unknown hard target efficiently from the knowledge of only one Fourier coefficient of the far_field pattern.Moreover,a two_step adaptive iteration algorithm was presented to implement numerically the nonlinear optimization scheme.Numerical experiments for several two dimensional sound_hard scatterers having a variety of shapes provide an independent verification of the effectiveness and practicality of the inversion scheme. | 发展了从声散射场的远场分布的信息来再现声刚性目标形状反问题的一种非线性最优化方法,它是通过独立地求解一个不适定的线性系统和一个适定的非线性最小化问题来实现的· 对反问题的非线性和不适定性的这种分离式数值处理,使所建立方法的数值实现是非常容易和快速的,因为在确定声刚性障碍物形状的非线性最优化步中,只需求解一个只有一个未知函数的小规模的最小平方问题· 该方法的另一个特别的性质是,只需要远场分布的一个Fourier系数,即可对未知的刚性目标作物形设别· 进而提出了数值实现该方法的一种两步调整迭代算法· 对具有各种形状的二维刚性障碍物的数值试验保证了本算法是有效和实用的· | [ Objectvie] To study the association between TLR9 gene polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. [Methods] -1468,-1237,1174 and 2848 SNPs of TLR9 gene were screened by PCR-SSCP in 82 NSCLC(non-small cell lung cancer)cases and 82 matched controls. [ Results] Among 164 blood samples in Hubei(82 NSCLC cases and 82 healthy controls),the frequencies of TLR9 gene SNPs:the proportions of mutant at -1486,1174 and 2848 sites between the controls and cases are 0% vs 1.2%(P > 0.05); 1.2% vs 7.3%(P > 0.05); 0% vs 3.7%(P... [ Objectvie] To study the association between TLR9 gene polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. [Methods] -1468,-1237,1174 and 2848 SNPs of TLR9 gene were screened by PCR-SSCP in 82 NSCLC(non-small cell lung cancer)cases and 82 matched controls. [ Results] Among 164 blood samples in Hubei(82 NSCLC cases and 82 healthy controls),the frequencies of TLR9 gene SNPs:the proportions of mutant at -1486,1174 and 2848 sites between the controls and cases are 0% vs 1.2%(P > 0.05); 1.2% vs 7.3%(P > 0.05); 0% vs 3.7%(P > 0.05),respectively. At -1237 site of TLR9 gene, we did not detect polymorphism in the controls and cases. The occurrence of any one of 4 SNPs in the cases is 6.7% vs 1.2% in the controls( P = 0.0092,OR = 11.25,95% CI 1.41~90.05). The incidences of these four SNPs in 164 Hubei samples are 0.6%, 0%,4.3% and 1.8%,They are significantly lower than those in African American,European American and Hispanic American population. [ Conclusion] Association between TLR9 polymorphism and lung cancer has leen found in Chinese population Hubei. The mutations of TLR9 gene could increase the risk of lung cancer.However,the association is only with marginally statistically significance under multiple statistical tests,and requires independent verification. | [目的]研究TLR9基因多态性与肺癌易感性的关系。[方法]采用病例-对照研究,使用PCR-SSCP(singlestrandconformationpolymorphism)方法检测了82例非小细胞性肺癌(病例组)和82例健康对照人群(对照组)的TLR9基因-1486、-1237、1174、2848位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)。[结果]在164例中国湖北人群样本包括82例非小细胞性肺癌和82例正常对照中,TLR9基因-1486、1174、2848位点多态性频率在对照组和病例组的比例分别为0%和1.2%、1.2%和7.3%、0%和3.7%;-1237位点在对照组和病例组中均未发现多态性。综合分析后发现,在病例组中出现上述4个位点多态性任意一个的比例为6.7%,在对照组中为1.2%,P=0.0092,OR=11.25,95%CI1.41~90.05。164例的4个位点SNP在中国人群中的发生率分别为0.6%、0%、4.3%、1.8%,均明显低于欧裔、非裔和西班牙裔美国人的发生率。[结论]TLR9多态性在湖北人群中与肺癌有一定的关系,基因突变可能导致肺癌危险度增加。但这种联系仅仅具有边缘性的统计学显著性,且是通过... [目的]研究TLR9基因多态性与肺癌易感性的关系。[方法]采用病例-对照研究,使用PCR-SSCP(singlestrandconformationpolymorphism)方法检测了82例非小细胞性肺癌(病例组)和82例健康对照人群(对照组)的TLR9基因-1486、-1237、1174、2848位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)。[结果]在164例中国湖北人群样本包括82例非小细胞性肺癌和82例正常对照中,TLR9基因-1486、1174、2848位点多态性频率在对照组和病例组的比例分别为0%和1.2%、1.2%和7.3%、0%和3.7%;-1237位点在对照组和病例组中均未发现多态性。综合分析后发现,在病例组中出现上述4个位点多态性任意一个的比例为6.7%,在对照组中为1.2%,P=0.0092,OR=11.25,95%CI1.41~90.05。164例的4个位点SNP在中国人群中的发生率分别为0.6%、0%、4.3%、1.8%,均明显低于欧裔、非裔和西班牙裔美国人的发生率。[结论]TLR9多态性在湖北人群中与肺癌有一定的关系,基因突变可能导致肺癌危险度增加。但这种联系仅仅具有边缘性的统计学显著性,且是通过多因素统计分析发现的,还需要运用更大样本量和独立因素分析的研究来探讨TLR9基因多态性与肺癌易感之间的联系。 | | | | << 更多相关文摘 |
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