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An investigation has been made among 90377 health personnel who re- ceived adult education of medicine from 1987 to 1989. The result shows that those who received higher medical education account for a larger proportion of the educatees relatively, while those wihout formal medical schooling record form a small proportion with a slow training speed. The programs, such as medical care, nursing, traditional Chinese medicine, laboratory ex- amination technies, public health and pharmacy are more demanding.... An investigation has been made among 90377 health personnel who re- ceived adult education of medicine from 1987 to 1989. The result shows that those who received higher medical education account for a larger proportion of the educatees relatively, while those wihout formal medical schooling record form a small proportion with a slow training speed. The programs, such as medical care, nursing, traditional Chinese medicine, laboratory ex- amination technies, public health and pharmacy are more demanding. In view of this situation some relevant solutions and measures have been recommended. 全国20城市499个卫生机构90377名卫技人员1987~1989年接受医学成人教育的调查结果表明:以本科生、专科生、研究生中进修比例相对较大;无医科学历卫技人员接受学历教育的数量小、速度慢;专业分布以医疗、护理、中医等长线专业和检验、公共卫生、药学等短线专业需求量较大。针对这一调查结果,提出了把进修教育逐步纳入规范化毕业后医学教育、继续医学教育轨道;以无医科学历卫技人员的补课教育为医学成人教育的重点等相应的对策和措施。 From the consumer's point of view, higher education consists of two parts: the service and the production (the persons with ability); from the point of view of the production function, the production of higher education can be divided into the core,the assistant and the accessorial production and so on. The production of higher education is the organic combination of the product and service, the service of higher education accounts for the core status. Compared with the product quality view and the service... From the consumer's point of view, higher education consists of two parts: the service and the production (the persons with ability); from the point of view of the production function, the production of higher education can be divided into the core,the assistant and the accessorial production and so on. The production of higher education is the organic combination of the product and service, the service of higher education accounts for the core status. Compared with the product quality view and the service quality view, the view of the whole combination quality of the production and service of higher education can reflect more impersonally and roundly the practicality of the quality of higher education, which plays a very important role in instructing people to ascertain, and authentically improve the quality of higher education. 高等教育产出从消费者的角度分析 ,可分为高等教育服务和高等教育产品———人才。从产出的功能和作用角度分析 ,可分为核心产出 ,辅助产出和附加产出等。高等教育产出是产品和服务的有机组合 ,服务成分占核心地位。高等教育产品和服务整体组合质量观 ,更能客观和全面地反映高等教育质量的实际 ,对指导人们认识和理解高等教育质量 ,切实提高高等教育整体质量具有十分重要的指导意义 Sweden was the first nation in the world to implement a mandatory and universal governmentrun retirement system. Sweden's former pension system was a taxfinanced payasyougo entitlement program with the characteristic of defined benefit system, similar to other industrialized nations. Its cradletograve welfare policy makes the Swedish government unable to pay the huge sum of pension fund, the financial problems lead to reform the pension system and partly shift to private pension system with the characteristic... Sweden was the first nation in the world to implement a mandatory and universal governmentrun retirement system. Sweden's former pension system was a taxfinanced payasyougo entitlement program with the characteristic of defined benefit system, similar to other industrialized nations. Its cradletograve welfare policy makes the Swedish government unable to pay the huge sum of pension fund, the financial problems lead to reform the pension system and partly shift to private pension system with the characteristic of defined contribution system. Hence, the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag, reached an agreement to reform the system in 1994 and approved implementing legislation in 1998.Under the new system, the Notional Individual Account maintained by the government on behalf of the individual and the completely Private Individual Account are established for all workers. The Notional Individual Account bases on the payasyougo system and its fund comes from Swedish Trust Fund and 16 percent of worker's payroll taxes, the money is used to fund benefits for existing retirees. The Private Individual Account is the funded part of the new system, meaning that the money is invested in real assets that can then be sold to generate income and converted into an annuity during retirement. Hence, The government has set up a centralized agency, the Premium Pension Agency (PPA) to oversee the recordkeeping for system. Workers are allowed to invest their retirement monies in as many as five lowrisk funds.Nearly all Swedish workers are also covered by an occupationally based private pension plan. Prior to the pension reform, these were defined benefit plans promising workers a modest pension based on earnings histories. With the exception of the Notional Individual Account, however, the administration, calculation and distribution of funds in almost all of these plans are switching to a defined contribution format that is similar to that in Private Individual Account. Pension reform serves as a guide for reforming other government programs such asSaving Accounts for Unemployment Insurance and currently considering Education Accounts. The further development is that the current social insurance system will be replaced with comprehensive individual savings accounts.In our social security system in China, the funds in individual account are used by the basic account, although these two accounts are separate. The individual account runs still under the payasyougo system. This system is not suitable for the demographic changes and the situation is paid attention by relative department and experts, the system should be shifted to the system in which the individual account is as main part with different levels of payment. We should learn from the Swedish experiences in order to reform our social security system. The methods of calculation and distribution of funds should be switched to a defined contribution format which is closer to its contribution; The basic account and individual account should be completely separate and the way should be developed to allow the funds invest in capital market; moreover, actuaries in social security system should be urgently trained. 瑞典旧养老保险制度和其他发达国家一样是以规定受益制为特征的现收现付制,实行从摇篮到坟墓的高福利政策,直接导致巨额养老金难以支付的结果,迫使政府将现收现付制的养老保险体制部分地向规定缴费制的基金制转型;新执行的养老保险制度为每个工人建立由瑞典政府代表个人管理的名义个人账户和个人养老金账户,个人养老金账号上的资金可直接进入资本市场,进行投资,并可以以遗产的形式继承给相关的受益人。我国社会保障体制改革应该改变养老金受益的计算方式,将统筹账户和个人账户分离,开辟养老保险基金按账户进入资本市场的途径,确保个人账户上养老基金的投资增值;并且要加强和培养养老保险的精算人员。
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