|
The photoelectric astrolabe type I is a new type instrument for time determina- tion and latitude determination,designed and constructed in our country,under the guidance of the principle of independent thinking and self-reliance.This new instru- ment was installed and adjusted in our observatory at the end of 1971.The re- sults of test observations have already been published. In this paper,the observational results during the period 1973 October to 1974 December are analysed,and the quality of the instrument... The photoelectric astrolabe type I is a new type instrument for time determina- tion and latitude determination,designed and constructed in our country,under the guidance of the principle of independent thinking and self-reliance.This new instru- ment was installed and adjusted in our observatory at the end of 1971.The re- sults of test observations have already been published. In this paper,the observational results during the period 1973 October to 1974 December are analysed,and the quality of the instrument is estimated.The result of analysis shows that this instrument is entirely free of the effect of personal equation,and the precision of observation is high.Using the data obtained during this period,the problems of determining the systematic error of FK_4 catalog and improving the constant of aberration are investigated. Ⅰ型光电等高仪是我国独立自主、自力更生研制的新型测时、测纬仪器.新仪器于1971年底在我台安装调试.试验观测的结果已经发表.本文分析了该仪器从1973年10月到1974年12月期间的观测结果,评价了仪器性能.分析结果表明,新仪器完全消除了人差的影响,观测精度是良好的.利用这个期间的资料,初步研究了 FK_4星表的系统误差和改进光行差常数等问题. In the teaching of plant physiology,how can one realize the dictatorship of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie?In what way can plant physiology be of service to the proletariat?The plant physiology which we taught in the past,belongs to the bourgeois system,it is unreconcilable with proletarian politics,agricultural producti- vity and the needs of our poor and lower-middle peasants.Then came the move- ment to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius.We denounced the revisionist line and integrated with the workers,poor... In the teaching of plant physiology,how can one realize the dictatorship of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie?In what way can plant physiology be of service to the proletariat?The plant physiology which we taught in the past,belongs to the bourgeois system,it is unreconcilable with proletarian politics,agricultural producti- vity and the needs of our poor and lower-middle peasants.Then came the move- ment to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius.We denounced the revisionist line and integrated with the workers,poor and lower-middle peasants to receive their re-educa- tion.From thereon,we reformed our ideology and began to think what the peasants were thinking.Consequently we knew more about plant physiology and began to repudiate the old and established a new system in teaching plant physiology.For example,in the class we broke away with the old“3 gradation system”(general courses,special fundamental courses and advanced special courses).In the classroom or in the field,we established a“3-field”system(the high-yield-field,the experi- mental field and the seed field).We broke away with the spoon-fed method of teach- ing and adopted the open-minded method.Those are only the preliminary experience which we gathered in the teaching of plant physiology. 植物生理课的教学中如何实行无产阶级对资产阶级的专政?如何为无产阶级政治服务?这是我们教学改革实践应当回答的问题。过去,植物生理课的要害是脱离无产阶级政治、脱离农业生产、脱离贫下中农的需要。在批林批孔的推动下,我们大破“三脱离”等修正主义的黑货,深入三大革命第一线,接受工人、贫下中农的再教育,思想上得到了改造,业务上得到了提高;同时结合生产改革旧的课程体系和教学方法,如破“三段制”(基础课、专业基础课、专业课)的旧课程体系,立以“三田”(丰产田、试验田、种子田)为中心,结合生产过程进行教学的新教学体系,破“注入式”的旧教学方法,立“启发式”的新教学方法,使植物生理课的教学改革,收到了一定效果。 The classes in Bernays-Godel (BG) system are generally taken as corresponding to the sets in Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) system and, thinking that since the former system has not only restored the naive comprehension axiom but also uses only finitely many axioms, it should be far more superior to the latter. The definition of set as given in BG is, in fact, not quite in accord with intuition and rather complicated owing to the use of two kinds of variables. It is only when the classes in T.G correspond to the... The classes in Bernays-Godel (BG) system are generally taken as corresponding to the sets in Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) system and, thinking that since the former system has not only restored the naive comprehension axiom but also uses only finitely many axioms, it should be far more superior to the latter. The definition of set as given in BG is, in fact, not quite in accord with intuition and rather complicated owing to the use of two kinds of variables. It is only when the classes in T.G correspond to the formula in ZF that the sets in BG correspond to the sets in ZF. It is thus clear that the statement that BG has restored the naive comprehension axiom is incorrect. However, if the ZF set theory is based on second order predicate algorithm, the ZF system need only use finite axioms,it has been proved that the zf system based on second order predicate calculus is wuperior to bg system both in conception and in formulation.It has been proved that the ZF system based on second order predicate calculus is superior to BG system both in conception and in formulation. 一般人们把Bernays-G(?)de1(BG)系统中的类和Zerme1o-Fraenke1(ZF)系统中的集合相对应,从而认为前者既恢复了素朴概括公理又只使用有限条公理,远比后者优越.其实BG系统对集合的定义不大符合直觉,又使用两种变元,相当复杂,值得改进.而且BG中的类相当于ZF中的公式,BG中的集合才相当于ZF中的集合,因此所谓BG恢复了素朴概括公理的说法是不对的.如果我们把ZF集合论建基于二级谓词演算之上,那末ZF系统也只使用有限条公理.本文将说明建基于二级谓词演算的ZF系统,无论从概念(意义)上或形式推导上都优于BG系统.
|